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Under: *WAEC 2025 GOVERNMENT SOLUTION*
*INSTRUCTIONS ANSWER 4 QUESTIONS IN ALL AT LIST TWO QUESTIONS FROM EACH SECTION*
*WAEC GOVERNMENT ANSWERS*
*NUMBER ONE*
(1)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Representation of Diverse Interests: Political parties serve as a bridge between the government and the citizens by representing various interests, ideologies, and social groups. They aggregate and articulate the needs of different communities, helping ensure that a wide range of voices are heard in the democratic process. Without political parties, individual concerns would struggle to gain traction in national decision-making.
(ii) Structuring Political Debate: Parties provide an organized framework for political debate by offering clear platforms, ideologies, and policy options. This structure helps voters understand where each party stands on key issues, making the democratic process more transparent and accessible. It also encourages informed voting and public discussion.
(iii) Facilitating Electoral Choice: By nominating candidates and formulating manifestos, political parties give voters real choices during elections. Citizens vote not only for individuals but for the policies and values the parties stand for. This facilitates a more meaningful and competitive electoral process, a hallmark of democracy.
(iv) Forming and Running Governments: In parliamentary democracies, political parties are central to the formation of governments. The party or coalition of parties that wins a majority forms the executive branch. This ensures a stable and coherent administration, as the ruling party governs according to a shared platform, ensuring consistency and accountability.
(v) Holding Governments Accountable: Opposition parties play a critical role in scrutinizing the actions of the government. They question, debate, and challenge policies, helping to prevent abuses of power. By offering alternative viewpoints and critiquing governance, they uphold democratic accountability and ensure that the ruling party remains responsive to public needs.
(vi) Political Socialization and Education: Political parties educate citizens about political issues, democratic values, and civic responsibilities. Through campaigns, outreach, and public engagement, they increase political awareness and participation, strengthening the democratic fabric of society.
(vii) Promoting Political Participation: Parties encourage citizens to get involved in politics, whether by voting, volunteering, campaigning, or even running for office. They provide a pathway for individuals to influence public policy and play an active role in governance, which is essential for a vibrant democracy.
(viii) Recruiting and Training Leaders: Political parties identify, train, and promote leaders at various levels of government. They develop leadership skills and prepare candidates for public office, ensuring a steady supply of qualified individuals to serve in democratic institutions.
(ix) Conflict Management and Stability: In a diverse society, political parties help mediate conflicts by channeling competing demands into peaceful, institutional processes. Through negotiation, coalition-building, and compromise, parties contribute to political stability and reduce the risk of violence or authoritarian responses to disagreement.
(x) Ensuring Policy Continuity and Governance: Even in the face of electoral change, political parties help maintain continuity in governance by institutionalizing policy frameworks and government processes. This ensures that democratic institutions function smoothly and that there is a level of predictability in how the country is governed, even as leadership changes.
*WAEC GOVERNMENT ANSWERS*
*NUMBER TWO*
(2)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Disseminating Critical Information
Media outlets play a central role in spreading news and updates about local, national, and international affairs. In a democracy, this function ensures that citizens stay aware of events that impact their rights, communities, and governance.
(ii) Exposing Wrongdoing and Corruption: An independent media investigates and uncovers unethical practices, misconduct, and corruption among public officials. This scrutiny helps deter abuse of power and enforces integrity among leaders and institutions.
(iii) Nurturing Informed Public Opinion: The media shapes public thinking by offering detailed analyses, expert opinions, and factual reporting. When citizens understand the implications of political decisions, they can engage in more thoughtful and informed discussions and voting.
(iv) Reflecting Diverse Perspectives: A healthy democracy thrives on diversity of opinion. The media serves as a platform where people of different backgrounds, ideologies, and beliefs can share their views, promoting inclusivity and understanding across society.
(v) Supporting Electoral Integrity: During elections, the media plays a watchdog role by covering campaigns, debates, voting procedures, and electoral fairness. It helps prevent manipulation or fraud and ensures that voters can make well-grounded choices.
(vi) Acting as a Bridge Between Leaders and Citizens: The media facilitates communication between the government and the public. It transmits public concerns to policymakers and broadcasts government responses, enabling a dynamic flow of dialogue essential in a representative democracy.
(vii) Encouraging Civic Awareness: Media campaigns often focus on public awareness, such as explaining new laws, voter registration processes, or constitutional rights. These efforts empower individuals to act responsibly and make their voices count in democratic settings.
(viii) Enhancing Transparency in Governance: By providing continuous coverage of legislative sessions, public spending, and political decisions, the media shines a light on state activities. This openness fosters accountability and builds public trust in democratic processes.
(ix) Influencing Policy Direction: Through investigative reporting and public pressure, media can spotlight social issues like inequality, unemployment, or climate change. This attention compels leaders to address such matters in policy agendas, reflecting the will of the people.
(x) Defending Press Freedom and Civil Liberties: In a democracy, a free press is crucial for protecting broader freedoms, such as the right to speak, assemble, and protest. The media champions these liberties, often taking a stand when they are threatened or undermined.
*WAEC GOVERNMENT ANSWERS*
*NUMBER THREE*
(3)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Strengthen corporate governance frameworks: The government should establish transparent governance structures with clearly defined roles, independent boards, and strict accountability measures to ensure that State Owned Enterprises are managed efficiently and ethically.
(ii) Drive digital transformation: Embracing modern technologies such as automation, data analytics, artificial intelligence, and e-governance systems can improve the operational efficiency, decision-making, and service delivery of State Owned Enterprises.
(iii) Encourage financial sustainability: The government should reduce the dependence of State Owned Enterprises on public funds by promoting internal revenue generation, improving cost efficiency, and implementing commercial principles that ensure long-term viability.
(iv) Promote public-private partnerships: Partnering with private sector players can bring in capital, innovation, and expertise to State Owned Enterprises, allowing them to compete better in the market while retaining government oversight in strategic areas.
(v) Institutionalize performance management systems: Introducing structured performance evaluation mechanisms with measurable targets, regular assessments, and incentive-based rewards can help improve productivity and ensure accountability in State Owned Enterprises.
(vi) Invest in capacity building: Continuous training and development programs for employees and management are essential to equip them with the necessary skills, leadership competencies, and ethical standards to drive innovation and operational excellence in State Owned Enterprises.
(vii) Align operations with national development goals: State Owned Enterprises should be strategically directed to support key sectors like energy, agriculture, transportation, and manufacturing in alignment with Nigeria’s broader economic and developmental plans.
(viii) Implement legal and regulatory reforms: The government must remove outdated laws and bureaucratic bottlenecks that hinder the autonomy and efficiency of State Owned Enterprises, while enacting policies that encourage competitiveness and innovation.
(ix) Foster innovation and research: Encouraging State Owned Enterprises to invest in research and development will enable them to design new products, improve services, and adapt to changing market dynamics, ensuring long-term relevance and growth.
(x) Enhance transparency and stakeholder engagement: By publishing financial reports, strategic plans, and performance evaluations, State Owned Enterprises can build public trust, attract investment, and involve stakeholders in shaping their direction and impact.
*WAEC GOVERNMENT ANSWERS*
*NUMBER FOUR*
(4)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Establish clear constitutional checks and balances: Ensuring that the roles of the judiciary, legislature, and executive are well defined and respected can prevent the judiciary from overstepping its boundaries and encroaching on the powers of other arms of government.
(ii) Promote judicial accountability mechanisms: Implementing regular performance evaluations, transparent disciplinary processes, and oversight bodies like the National Judicial Council can hold judges accountable and deter arbitrary judicial behavior.
(iii) Strengthen the independence of the judiciary: While judicial independence is essential, it must be balanced with responsibility. Appointment and promotion processes should be transparent, merit-based, and free from political manipulation to reduce judicial overreach.
(iv) Encourage civic education and public awareness: Educating citizens about the limits of judicial power and their rights within the judicial system empowers them to recognize and resist judicial abuse, thereby maintaining a healthy balance of power.
(v) Enforce strict adherence to legal precedents and statutes: Judges must be required to base their rulings on established laws and judicial precedents rather than personal ideologies, which helps to curb discretionary abuses.
(vi) Promote media and civil society oversight: A vibrant press and active civil society can serve as watchdogs over the judiciary by reporting on controversial rulings, raising public awareness, and holding the judicial system accountable.
(vii) Institute regular legislative reviews of judicial powers: The National Assembly should periodically review and clarify judicial functions and limits through legislation to ensure that no excessive concentration of power occurs within the judiciary.
(viii) Ensure transparency in judicial proceedings: Making court processes and judgments publicly accessible promotes transparency, discourages bias, and reduces the potential for judicial autocracy.
(ix) Encourage inter-branch dialogue and cooperation: Constructive interaction between the judiciary, legislature, and executive helps clarify constitutional interpretations and fosters mutual respect among the branches of government.
(x) Introduce term limits or retirement age enforcement: Ensuring that judicial officers retire at a set age or serve limited terms can prevent the consolidation of power in a few individuals and allow for regular institutional renewal.
*WAEC GOVERNMENT ANSWERS*
*NUMBER FIVE*
(5)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Promotes civic participation: A political culture that encourages active involvement in politics, such as voting, advocacy, and public debate, helps citizens influence decision-making processes that drive development policies.
(ii) Strengthens democratic institutions: When political culture supports the rule of law, accountability, and respect for democratic norms, it leads to stable institutions that are crucial for sustainable state development.
(iii) Fosters national unity: Shared political values and beliefs can bridge ethnic, religious, or regional divides, promoting social cohesion and a collective commitment to national development goals.
(iv) Encourages political stability: A political culture that embraces peaceful conflict resolution and respect for electoral outcomes reduces political unrest, creating an environment conducive to development.
(v) Builds trust in government: When citizens believe in the legitimacy and fairness of political processes, it fosters trust in public institutions, leading to better cooperation with development programs and reforms.
(vi) Enhances policy continuity: A mature political culture supports consistent policy implementation beyond individual leaders, ensuring that long-term development projects are not disrupted by political transitions.
(vii) Promotes transparency and accountability: Political cultures that value openness help combat corruption, making governance more efficient and aligning resources toward developmental priorities.
(viii) Supports innovation and reform: In societies where political culture encourages critical thinking and openness to change, governments are more likely to adopt innovative solutions that drive development.
(ix) Facilitates inclusive governance: A participatory political culture ensures that marginalized groups have a voice in policymaking, leading to more equitable and balanced development outcomes.
(x) Encourages patriotism and public service: Political culture that values service to the nation inspires citizens and leaders to act in the public interest, contributing to the growth and progress of the state.
*WAEC GOVERNMENT ANSWERS*
*NUMBER SIX*
(6)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Grassroots Mobilization and Political Awareness: Traditional rulers have direct access to the grassroots and are highly respected by local populations. They can play a key role in educating citizens on democratic values, voting rights, and civic responsibilities, thereby deepening political participation and awareness.
(ii) Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding: Traditional institutions have long-standing mechanisms for resolving disputes peacefully. Incorporating their conflict mediation roles into the democratic process can help reduce election-related violence and communal clashes, promoting political stability.
(iii) Promoting Accountability and Good Conduct: Traditional rulers can serve as moral watchdogs by holding local government officials accountable to the people. Their presence and authority can deter corrupt practices and encourage leaders to act in the interest of their communities.
(iv) Bridging the Gap Between Government and the People: Because traditional authorities are closer to the people, they can serve as effective intermediaries between the government and rural communities. This helps ensure that government policies and programs reflect the true needs of the people.
(v) Supporting Electoral Processes: Traditional rulers can assist electoral bodies by mobilizing their communities for peaceful elections and discouraging voter apathy or electoral malpractice. Their influence can contribute to higher voter turnout and credible elections.
(vi) Preservation of Cultural Values and Identity: By promoting local traditions and values, traditional institutions can enhance a sense of national identity and unity. Cultural integration supports the legitimacy of democratic governance rooted in indigenous systems.
(vii) Facilitating Development Projects: Traditional leaders often play a key role in granting access to land and mobilizing local support for community development. Their collaboration with elected officials can ensure the smooth implementation of government projects.
(viii) Promoting Social Justice and Inclusion: Traditional rulers can advocate for marginalized groups such as women, youth, and minority communities, ensuring that all voices are heard in the democratic process. Their inclusive role helps build a fair and equitable society.
*WAEC GOVERNMENT ANSWERS*
*NUMBER SEVEN*
(7)
(PICKA ANY FIVE)
(i) Patriotism and National Unity: Nationalist leaders emphasized love for the nation and unity among diverse ethnic and religious groups. Citizens learn the value of working together for national interest above personal or sectional gains.
(ii) Commitment to Selfless Service: Many nationalist leaders sacrificed personal comfort and risked their lives for the freedom and development of their countries. This teaches citizens the importance of dedication and selflessness in public service.
(iii) Power of Collective Struggle: The success of nationalist movements showed that unity and collective action can bring about significant change. Citizens are reminded of the strength in solidarity and peaceful resistance against injustice.
(iv) Importance of Education: Most nationalist leaders were educated and used their knowledge to challenge colonial rule. This highlights the role of education in leadership, awareness, and socio-political development.
(v) Courage and Resilience: Despite oppression and imprisonment, nationalist leaders persisted. Citizens can draw inspiration to remain resilient and courageous in the face of challenges while pushing for national progress.
(vi) Visionary Leadership: Nationalist leaders had clear goals for political independence and economic empowerment. Citizens learn that purposeful leadership is essential for development and nation-building.
(vii) Peaceful Advocacy: While some nationalists used confrontation, many emphasized dialogue and peaceful negotiation. This teaches citizens the value of diplomacy and lawful means in addressing national issues.
(viii) Accountability to the People: Nationalist leaders often saw themselves as servants of the people, not rulers. This instills the lesson that public office should be about service, not personal enrichment or power.
